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A revolutionary technology allows scientists to observe the interior of instantaneous particles called excitons (Exciton) at close range in an unparalleled way. Excitons describe the bound state of a pair of electrons and holes that are attracted to each other by electrostatic Coulomb interaction. They can be regarded as electrically neutral quasi-particles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and some liquids. They are condensed matter physics. The basic unit that transfers energy without transferring charge.

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Energy is absorbed in the medium, creating excited states in the atoms. Population inversion is achieved when the number of particles in an excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or less excited states. In this case, a mechanism of stimulated emission can occur and the medium can be used as a laser or optical amplifier.

An optical fiber sensor is a sensor that converts the state of the measured object into a measurable light signal. The working principle of the optical fiber sensor is to send the incident light beam from the light source into the modulator through the optical fiber. The interaction between the modulator and the external measured parameters determines the optical properties of the light, such as the intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc. It changes and becomes a modulated optical signal, which is then sent to the optoelectronic device through the optical fiber and passed through the demodulator to obtain the measured parameters. During the whole process, the light beam is introduced through the optical fiber, passes through the modulator, and then emitted. The role of the optical fiber is first to transmit the light beam, and secondly to act as an optical modulator.

Scientists have developed a new type of laser that can generate a lot of energy in a short period of time, which has potential applications in ophthalmology and heart surgery or fine materials engineering. Professor Martin De Steck, director of the Institute of Photonics and Optical Sciences at the University of Sydney, said: The characteristic of this laser is that when the pulse duration is reduced to less than one trillionth of a second, the energy can also be "instantly "At its peak, this makes it an ideal candidate for processing materials that require short and powerful pulses.